Secularization in Europe: religious change between and within birth cohorts

Summary

 There is ample evidence of religious decline in Western Europe but
no general consensus on the situation in the East. Analysis of three waves of the
European Values Study (from 1990, 1999 and 2008) adds to the evidence base on
secularization across the continent. As expected, older people in most countries,
even in Central and Eastern Europe (though not in parts of the former Yugoslavia),
seem to be more religious than the rest of the population. More surprisingly, the
data suggest that religiosity increased in Northern as well as Eastern Europe during
the 1990s, though it is not certain that these apparent rises are genuine.
It still seems fair to say that society is changing religiously not because individuals
are changing, but rather because old people are gradually replaced by younger
people with different characteristics. Much remains to be understood, though,
about why recent generations are different. Parents may be partly responsible, by
giving children more control over their own lives. The composition of society has
changed, but so has the context in which people are raised. Young people acquire
different values and face new conditions. Which factors are most important remains
to be determined.