HomeResearchPublications Research Paper Persistent and consistent poverty: an analysis of the 1994 and 1995 waves of the European Community Household Panel Study By Brian Nolan, Richard Layte, Bertrand Maitre and Christopher T. Whelan Publication details Publication date 1 March 2000 Series or book EPAG Working Papers Series or chapter number 11 Publisher University of Essex Notes working paper Topics Poverty Welfare Benefits