HomeResearchPublications Research Paper Persistent income poverty and deprivation in the European Union: an analysis of the fist three waves of the European Community Household Panel By Christopher T. Whelan, Richard Layte, Bertrand Maitre and Brian Nolan Publication details Publication date 1 April 2001 Series or book EPAG Working Papers Series or chapter number 17 Publisher University of Essex Notes working paper Topics Income Dynamics Poverty